伊拉克虐囚事件(2/4)
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A senior Pentagon official says Rumsfeld is more shaken than in any previous crisis. "He's not a man of self-doubt," says the official, but he's "questioning himself and others more rigorously than previously." Rumsfeld told Senators that he intends to keep his job, but he betrayed doubts about his future. "If I felt I could not be effective, I'd resign in a minute," he said. Asked by Indiana Senator Evan Bayh whether it "would serve to demonstrate how seriously we take the situation" if he were to step down, Rumsfeld responded, "That's possible." Evidence that further abuses took place under his watch could well raise the pressure on him to resign. To see if more probes should be initiated, Rumsfeld plans to appoint a blue-ribbon panel of retired officials to examine the slew of investigations into prison management and guard training now under way. The Army is studying the deaths of 25 detainees in Iraq and Afghanistan, including two that have been ruled homicides, while the Justice Department is examining the role of the CIA and contract employees in the deaths of three other detainees.
五角大楼高级官员说拉姆斯菲尔德此次所遭受的打击比过去任何危机都大。这位官员接着说：“他并不是一个缺乏自信的人，但是这次他比以往都更苛刻地质问自己和其它人。”拉姆斯菲尔德对议员们说他会努力保住自己的职位，但他对自己的前途表示担忧。“如果我不能再发挥作用，我会立即辞职。”当被印第安纳州议员Evan Bayh问及如果他下台是否能说明我们对此次事件极为严肃认真时，他承认有这种可能性。他在职期间接二连三的虐囚证据不断爆出，更增加了他辞职的压力。如果还要进行更深一步的调查，他计划启用一批一流的退休人员对监狱管理人员和正在进行的监狱守卫训练进行大量调查研究。军方目前正对25名在伊拉克和阿富汗未判决的囚犯的死因进行调查，其中包括两名死刑犯，而司法部正在审查涉案另外三名未判决的囚犯死亡案的中央情报局和雇员的责任。
So many questions remain unresolved. Were the Abu Ghraib abuses carried out by rogue officers or done on someone's orders? Were they an excessive campaign for intelligence, or humiliation for fun? Did the U.S. get useful intelligence, or was it a nasty waste? As Americans struggle to make sense of the news, they want to understand: Why did this happen? And what is being done about it?
还有很多问题悬而未解。对Abu Ghraib施虐的仅仅是些无赖军官？还是受命于他人？他们这种过激行为是否是为了获得情报？或纯粹是出于取乐而羞辱囚犯？美国有没有得到有用的情报？抑或这不过是一次下流的白忙活？在美国竭力自圆其说的同时，他们想知道：为什么会发生这种事？该如何处理此事？
A HOUSE OF HORRORS
恐怖室
The trouble at Abu Ghraib was a long time brewing. The 260-acre prison complex lies behind tall walls off a highway 20 miles west of Baghdad. In the days of Saddam it housed thousands of criminals and political prisoners who were subjected to unspeakable torture at the whim of the regime. The U.S. military decided to reopen the prison last August for all Iraqis being detained and renamed it the Baghdad Correctional Facility. But reminders of the prison's grim history were inescapable. From the ceiling of each 10-ft.-by-12-ft. cell still dangled a large hook, which had been used to hang inmates from their hands or feet. Waleed Sabih al-Delami, detained after soldiers found suspicious wires near his house, tells TIME the Americans picked up where Saddam left off. He says he was suspended from such a hook three times during his five-month stint in U.S. custody at Abu Ghraib. His feet were tied, and his arms were bound behind his back. "They would take a stick and put it through the rope and pull me off the ground," he says. While he was bound and suspended, a military translator stood by him, shouting: "You are a terrorist! You are a terrorist!" But no real questioning took place.
Abu Ghraib事件已酝酿很久。这座260英亩的监狱坐落在距巴格达西部高速公路20公里的高墙内。萨达姆执政期间这里关押这数千名刑事犯和政治犯，统治者的变化无常使他们遭受着难以形容的痛苦折磨。去年八月美国军队决定重新使用这所监狱，用来拘留所有未判刑的伊拉克人，并改名为巴格达改造所。但是这所监狱的阴森残酷依然无法消散。每10英尺到12英尺的牢房里就挂着大铁钩，这是用来勾住犯人手或脚，将他们全身吊起来的刑具。因士兵发现Waleed Sabih al-Delami房子附近有可疑的电线就把他拘留了起来，他对《时代周刊》讲美国接管了萨达姆留下的地方。他说在他被美军拘留在Abu Ghraib的五个月里他曾3次被挂到这种钩子上。他的脚被捆着，双手反剪在背后。他说“他们拿一根棍子传过绳索将我从地上拉起来，”然后一个军方翻译站在他面前朝他大吼：“你是恐怖分子！你是恐怖分子！”但是他从未接受正式审讯。
Guarding the thousands of detainees sent to Abu Ghraib by coalition forces across Iraq was a nasty billet for the 800th Military Police Brigade, which includes the reserve 372nd Military Police Company, and the 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, which also operated there. A senior military official who lived at Abu Ghraib says soldiers were underequipped and undermanned. The reservists in particular had virtually no training for their prison-guard jobs. Discipline flagged. In November and December, around the time most of the abuse photos were taken, Abu Ghraib was under constant attack from nightly mortar raids. Basic sanitation for the troops consisted of overflowing portable toilets, and soldiers jerry-rigged showers from pumps they bought themselves. Six months after reopening as a prison, Abu Ghraib still had no single declared commander. All the while, detainees kept flooding in, at the rate of 250 a day. When the abuses occurred, there were some 6,000 prisoners. The MPs had no good system for keeping prison rolls: criminals, insurgents and innocents were all lumped together. Escapees and some detainees believed to be of high intelligence value went unrecorded.
用第800宪兵队管理伊拉克的全体盟军输送到Abu Ghraib的数千名犯人实在是一项苦差事，这个旅团同时还是37宪兵连的后备队，兼执行205情报队的任务。一位住在Abu Ghraib的高级军官说士兵们装备不足，人手不够。这些军人其实根本就没接受过担任监狱守卫工作的训练。纪律松散。在11月和12月，虐囚照片高发的这段时间里，Abu Ghraib夜夜都在遭受迫击炮的轰炸。军队基本卫生设施也就是便溺四溢的便携式卫生间，士兵们从水泵上接来的偷工减料的淋浴都是自己买的。自Abu Ghraib重开6个月以来始终没有一个正式的指挥官来这里任职。而犯人却在源源不断的运进来，平均每天都有250个。当虐囚事件发生时，这里已有6000名犯人了。 宪兵队没有良好的监狱运行系统：刑事犯、叛乱分子和无辜的人混在一起。逃亡者和一些怀疑有高级情报价值的犯人都没有进行任何备案。
In September 2003, Major General Geoffrey Miller, commander of the secret U.S. detention center for terrorist suspects at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, visited Iraq to straighten out the prison. He recommended that the MPs should act not just as guards but as "enablers for interrogation." In November, a second visiting general advised the exact opposite, saying MPs should have nothing to do with interrogation. The conflict had apparently not been resolved by the prison's top brass when the photographed abuses occurred.
2003年9月Geoffrey Miller少将，美国秘密拘留中心（关押Guantanamo海湾和古巴的恐怖分子嫌疑犯）的指挥官，来到伊拉克巡视负责整顿该监狱。他建议宪兵队不仅要进行管制，还应进行审问工作。11月第二轮巡视又提出了完全相反的要求，认为宪兵队无需进行审问。显然直到虐囚事件发生时监狱高官仍未解决就此问题的争论。
Between October and December of last year, the poorly trained, demoralized reservists in the 372nd crossed the line. William Lawson, uncle of Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick II, claims that his nephew and the other guards were following orders when they tortured and sexually humiliated Iraqi prisoners. The MPs told investigators they did it because officers in the military-intelligence unit and civilian contractors working with them told them to "loosen up" men for interrogation. Sabrina Harman, who appears in one photograph grinning behind a pile of naked detainees, told the Washington Post that the MPs were instructed by military-intelligence officers to "make it hell" on the prisoners in order to make them talk. Now facing possible court-martial, Harman is allegedly the one who attached wires to a hooded man's hands and forced him to stand on a box, threatening him with electrocution if he fell off.
去年10到12月之间，未经训练、纪律松散的第372宪兵队来到这里。William Lawson，Ivan Frederick II上士的叔叔声称他的侄子和其它警卫是奉命对伊拉克囚犯实施折磨和性虐待的。宪兵队告诉调查人员说他们之所以这么做是因为和他们共事的军方情报机构和民事工作人员告诉他们要为审问工作“松松骨头。” Sabrina Harman，他在一堆裸体囚犯身后咧着嘴笑的照片中出现，他对《华盛顿邮报》说宪兵队是依照军方情报官员的指示才让犯人们“生不如死”的，他们这么做是为了撬开他们的嘴。Harman被指出曾用电线绕在一个带着头套的犯人的手，逼对方站在箱子上，并威胁如果掉下来就电死他。现在他可能被提交军事法庭接受审问。
If the soldiers were following orders, why did they photograph themselves in the act? The MPs claim the pictures too were meant to serve as a psychological tool to scare new prisoners into talking. Frederick's uncle says the platoon had tried to soften them up with techniques like sleep deprivation, "but they found the best way was with these photographs, and it apparently worked very effectively." Lawson says his nephew complained about some of the measures and was told, "Don't worry about it." Yet the photos, showing MPs smiling and mugging as they degrade their prisoners, suggest that the accused were hardly acting against their will.
如果士兵是执行命令，为什么还要给自己拍照？宪兵队声称照片只是一种心理战工具，是为了恫吓新犯人，让他们开口。Frederick的伯父说已经试过用剥夺睡眠的方法来软化囚犯的意志。“但是他们发现最好的方法还是这些照片，效果立竿见影。” Lawson说他的侄子曾抱怨过一些手段的使用，但是接着被告知“别担心。”而宪兵队士兵乐呵呵地虐待他们的犯人或对此保持沉默的照片出现在宪兵队面前时，他们说这些行为远远超出了他们的本意。
Reports of scandalous U.S. behavior inside Abu Ghraib have circulated in Iraq since the day it reopened. Amnesty International raised questions back in July, but coalition forces blamed any trouble on the general disorganization of the occupation's early months. Officials of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) brought serious allegations of abuse--which they are bound to keep confidential--to U.S. attention beginning in October. Pierre Gassman, head of the ICRC delegation in charge of Iraq, told TIME that his team found credible, disturbing evidence of mistreatment after interviewing virtually all the prisoners during that visit. The Red Cross reported its findings to Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, the overall prison commander, and to staff officers attached to the office of Lieut. General Ricardo Sanchez, the top U.S. commander in Baghdad. In February, after more prisoner interviews, Red Cross officials sent a comprehensive report directly to the staffs of Sanchez and L. Paul Bremer, head of the U.S. Coalition Provisional Authority. Later that month, Gassman met with Bremer and Sanchez. Gassman says he had the impression that the officials were aware of the allegations of prison abuses before he entered the room.
自从Abu Ghraib重开之日起对美国在这所监狱的行为的诽谤性报道就在伊拉克轮轴播放。国际反政府政治犯特赦机构7月已过问此事，但是盟军将这一切归咎为占领初期的组织混乱所致。国际红十字协会的官员对虐囚行为有很重要的陈述（他们一定会保守这个秘密），即美国在10月初就已经知道了此类事件。Pierre Gassman，红十字协会在伊拉克的全权代表主席对《时代周刊》说他的人在那次调查期间曾和所有囚犯进行有效面谈之后，就掌握了可信的，令人不安的虐囚证据。红十字将调查结果报告给了Janis Karpinski准将，监狱的最高指挥官，和所有与陆军少尉办公室有来往的工作人员。Ricardo Sanchez将军，美国驻巴格达最高指挥。2月，在进行了更多囚犯会面后，红十字协会直接向Sanchez 和L. Paul Bremer（美军联盟临时政府主席）提交了一份全面完整的报告。接下来的一个月，Gassman和Bremer 、Sanchez见面。Gassman说他记得很清楚，他进屋前，这两位官员已经准备好对虐囚事件进行辩解了。